All About the Philippines :: essays research papers

The first inhabitants of the Philippines arrived from the land bridge from Asia over 150,000 years ago. Throughout the years, migrants from Indonesia, Malaysia, and other parts of Asia made their way to the islands of this country. In the fourteenth century, the Arabs arrived and soon began a long tradition of Islam. Many Muslims are still living in the Philippines today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1521, Magellan claimed the land for Spain, but was killed by local chiefs who did not want Spain’s inhabitance. However, the Spanish returned in 1543 and named the land Filipinas after King Philip II. Spain soon after began their control. At the time of the Spanish American War the colonial government in the Philippines was administered by a Governor-General selected in Spain. The Philippine islands were used to reward the king’s favorites who could return home enormous fortunes from natives and foreign immigrants via a system of taxation that savored of blackmail and confiscation. The Governor-General had a cabinet composed of the Archbishop of Manila, the Captain-General of the army and the Admiral of the navy stationed in the colonies. The administrative power lay with the Governor-General and the Archbishop, and the religious orders of the Spanish Catholic Church were the practical controllers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climate of the Philippines, which is tropical, subjected to violent monsoons, seasons of drenching rains, and an almost intolerable heat lasting from March to July, has made it necessary to change continually the Spanish administrators. By 1571, the country had control over the islands, except for any Islamic areas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Filipinos lived in settlements called barangays before the colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards. As the unit of government, a barangay consisted from 30 to 100 families. It was headed by a datu and was independent from the other groups. Usually, several barangays settled near each other to help one another in case of war or any emergency. The position of datu was passed on by the holder of the position to the eldest son or, if none, the eldest daughter. However, later, any member of the barangay could be chieftain, based on his talent and ability. He had the usual responsibilities of leading and protecting the members of his barangay. In turn, they had to pay tribute to the datu, help him till the land, and help him fight for the barangay in case of war. There were four classes of society.

Statistical and managerial techniques for six sigma methodology theory and application Essay

Quality improvement (QI) comprises of continuous and systematic actions that result to measurable improvement in the health care as well as the health status of patients groups that are targeted. According to the institute of Medicine’s, which is a recognized advisor and leader on the nation’s health care improvement, health care quality comprises of a direct correlation between the desired health outcomes and the level of improved health services of populations and individuals (Shan 2008). The process of QI involves the application of a defined and a deliberate process of improvement. It involves ongoing and continuous efforts designed to achieve measurable improvements in the effectiveness, efficiency, accountability, outcomes, performance, and other indicators of quality in processes or services which improves the community health and achieves equity. Methodologies used in integrating QI strategies in the health care performance                Methodology describes theoretical analysis of the appropriate methods to a given field of study or to the body of principles and methods particular to a branch of knowledge (Barone 2012). On the other hand, a strategy refers to the science and art of marshaling and planning resources for an efficient and effective use (Menon 2010). Six Sigma                It involves monitoring, designing and improving process that eliminate or minimize waste while increasing financial stability and optimizing satisfaction. The performance of a process is applied in measuring improvement through comparing the process capability with the capability of baseline process after the potential solution piloting for quality improvement. It uses two primary methods. One method is responsible in inspecting process outcome and counts on the defects, calculates the rate per million of a defect, and applies a table of statistics in the conversion of defect rate per million in relation to a sigma metric. The second estimates the variation of the process to predict the performance through calculating a sigma metric from the observed variations of the process. It uses a five-phased process that is disciplined rigorous, referred to as DMAIC approach. It begins by identifying the project, reviewing the historical data, and lastly defining the s cope of the expectations. Next, the standards of continuous total quality performance are selected objectives of the performance are defined, and definition of sources of variability. Data are collected for assessment of how well the process was improved by changes as a new project is implemented. Customer inspired quality methodology                It concentrates on the process as well as the results of an organization. This methodology needs the service to be thorough as it focuses on the customers’ perspective. It identifies customer measures, reviewing and improving processes and getting the feedback of customers. This methodology enables the organization to realize the customer needs and works towards integrating them to the customer services. The methodology becomes continuous as the patients’ needs change with time. The organization sets down procedures which act as a reference to the organization. This calls for regular training of the staffs so as to enhance better services delivery to the customers. Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA)                Studies and projects based on QI aimed at bringing positive changes in the processes of delivering health care services can apply PDSA for favorable outcomes. This method has been widely used by healthcare institute for rapid cycle improvement. The model has a unique feature that is the cyclical nature of assessing and impacting change. It is most accomplished effectively through frequent and small PDSAs instead of using slow and big ones before wide changes are made in the system. The aim of PDSA efforts in quality improvement is to establish a casual or functional relationship between outcomes and changes in processes specifically capabilities and behaviors (Provost 2011). Three questions are proposed before applying the PDSA cycles: what is the aim of the project? How will it be revealed that the set aims were achieved? What is going to be done to achieve the aim? The cycle starts by with determining the scope and the nature of the problem, what is to be measured in order to understand the effect of change, and where the strategy is to be targeted. A change is implemented, and information and data are collected. Results from the study are interpreted and assessed through reviewing several key measurements showing failure or success. Lastly a change on QI is implemented based on the results obtained. Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS)                It occupies a significant part in the field of management technologies of clinical knowledge through their capacity to support the use of knowledge and the clinical process, from investigation and diagnosis through treatment and long-term care. These support systems are â€Å"systems of active knowledge using two or more patient data items for the generation of case-specific advice (Danniels 2010). CDSS is designed typically to integrate a medically based knowledge, an inference engine and patient data for case specific advice generation. IT applications                For health care providers to meet the increasing quality demands of their patients, they are required to focus on innovation technology. Examples of IT that can be applied include object oriented technologies, use of specific components of IT, and the computerized system records (Qi 2013). Object oriented technology ensures all different systems in the organization are connected to a unified system of management. Patient’s records are computerized to prevent damage or loss. For specific IT components, it ensures easier monitoring of quality performance in the organization. IT applications in improving performanceObject oriented technology                Links the components of quality management system to the entire management system of the enterprise, it is obtained through connection of these components via interface of a standard framework. It ensures that medical records are not lost, and there is faster delivery of services. Computerized system of patient records                It has great effects on the profitability of the organization. It minimizes time and labor that is used during data entry. The stored data is easily propagated once it has been keyed into the system (Clancy 2003). Specific IT components                It helps in sufficing the demands of the diversified population of patients. It ensures consistency in the organizations operations. It enables the organization to achieve the safety of patients and have fast service delivery. Nurses and other health workers learn fast on how to use such systems as they are specific. Use of milestones and benchmarks in quality indicators management                In quality improvement, quality indicators are used as a guide to the performance evaluation in an organization. Walshe et al (2001) stated that performance should be continually evaluated and at the end of the organizational projects. Benchmarks are operations and programs that are set out in order assess the organizational performance (Catalano 2008). This is achieved through running some trial tests and standards. It ensures a review of information technology performance of an organization. Milestones mark the end of a stage or a project. Performance is continually monitored, improved and evaluated through this process. Potential benchmarks                For the plan of QI, future event, benchmarks system level and application benchmarks will be applied. Benchmarks help the organization in achieving the set goals. The benchmarks system level is meant in evaluating how computer programs and applications are performing in overall. According to Obadiah & Boudriga (2009), use of information technology improves the organizational computer programs and systems. The application of benchmarks applies actual application programs. In the delivery of health care services, the aim is ensuring that each patient gets quality health services. The vision, mission and strategic plan of the health organization are to give satisfactory services to patients. The organization also plans to be the leading store and drug suppliers. Improvement of performance is in line with the organizational plans as they facilitate achievement of patients’ satisfaction and quality improvement. This results to increased sales, competitivene ss and revenue (Walshe et al 2001). Conclusion                Performance and quality improvement are very essential in an organization. It is achieved through the use of improved information technology system, and methodologies of performance improvement. Improvement of performance being a continuous process leads to increase in the organizational profit and customer loyalty. References Barone, S., & Franco, E. L. (2012). Statistical and managerial techniques for six sigma methodology theory and application. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Chiarini, A. (2013). Lean organization from the tools of the Toyota Production System to lean office. Milan: Springer. Daniels, R., Grendell, R. N., & Wilkins, F. R. (2010). Nursing fundamentals: caring & clinical decision making. (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. Dou, R. (2013). Proceedings of 2012 3rd International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2012). Berlin: Springer. Harrington, H. J. (2013). Performance acceleration management (PAM): rapid improvement to your key performance drivers. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Menon, R., & Kumar, R. (2010). The long view from Delhi: to define the Indian grand strategy for foreign policy. New Delhi: Academic Foundation in association with Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. Provost, L. P., & Murray, S. K. (2011). The health care data guide learning from data for improvement. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Qi, E. (2013). The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management: engineering management. Berlin: Springer. Source document

Gentrification of urban communities

Urban reclamation is frequently lauded as a approval by politicians and land developers ; it is seen as a method of conveying economic and cultural growing to an otherwise dead community. It is a set of alterations made in the hopes that new occupants come in, more concerns unfastened, and more capital flows into the country. However, redevelopment frequently consequences in the deconstruction and replacing of a preexistent community, displacing the former occupants and increasing their adversities instead than supplying revival. Gentrification, the procedure in which more flush occupants move into a poorer country and alter its societal and economic kineticss, is a term that comes up in virtually every argument sing urban renovation. In this paper, I will reason that the usage of urban gentrification for useful intents is unjust and delusory, and the Kantian thought that positive purpose affairs more than effect provides an insidious lenience. I will demo the hurt gentrification cau ses to local concerns and occupants through illustrations from countries that have undergone the procedure, and compare the statements for and against the pattern ; the effects of lifting belongings values, the alterations in a community ‘s concerns, and the alterations in a community ‘s societal make-up will be the chief countries of focal point. After the research is presented, I will research the philosophical point of views of Kant and Mill, and contrast idealism with the world that urban communities must confront in covering with gentrification. When flush fledglings set up places in a hapless community, they frequently rebuild or otherwise modify the belongingss they buy ; by making this, switch the belongings values up consequently. The belongings revenue enhancements and rent addition to fit this up grading of places and flats. These higher income households can afford these increased fees, and the excess revenue enhancement capital fluxing into the country by and large pleases the local authorities. But for long-time occupants, this displacement in belongings values can be an unwelcome load. Harmonizing to an appraisal conducted by Daniel Sullivan, longtime occupants of a gentrified community tend to be poorer than newer occupants. Consequentially, long-time occupants frequently become displaced by the newer, richer occupants. Koreatown, Los Angeles is a premier illustration of this effect. In the survey â€Å" The Contested Nexus of Koreatown † , Kyeyoung Park and Jessica detailed the alterations the urban enclav e experienced as restructured itself after the Los Angeles Riots. During the LA Riots, Koreatown ‘s belongingss suffered amendss that occupants were distressed to reimburse from ; many displaced occupants abandoned the enclave wholly. Outside investing and urban revival seemed the lone means to supply the alleviation Koreatown so urgently needed, but the research workers found its redevelopment self-contradictory ; while belongings values increased and the town experienced a singular recovery, established occupants found themselves out on the streets because they were unable to afford the new rents and fees. These occupants were largely local workers doing minimal pay wages, who all of a sudden found their flat composites being bought out by development companies ; the edifices would be renovated and refurbished, and the rents would be dual the original cost. Gentrification had compounded the supplanting of the original community alternatively of assisting them acquire back on their pess. From the point of position of the established community, it is hard to state that urban reclamation provided any societal good for them ; they had been swapped out in favour of newer occupants. As new higher-income occupants come in, the types of concerns in the country alteration every bit good. These occupants have more disposable income and the kinds of goods and services they desire differ from the other occupants. The concentration of professional services and retail shops addition, while smaller, local concerns go into diminution ( Park and Kim, 2008 ) . To run into with the demands of a altering community, some services become plethoric to the point of instability ; local concern proprietors find themselves missing the resources to remain competitory and travel out of concern, ensuing in farther supplanting of the established community versus the entrance community. In their survey, Park and Kim stated there was over-saturation of pool halls, cyberspace coffeehouse, karaoke bars, dark nines, room salons, and spirits shops in Koreatown ; while this gives the consumer more pick, the competition makes for a really hostile and unforgiving concern environment. The new sho ps and services can frequently be unaccessible to the established occupants, in footings of affordability and focal point ; it is a signifier of market positivism that takes merely the concerns of the flush into history. When Koreatown was redeveloped, the new services were centered towards pulling people to the night life with bars, nines, and high-class eating houses ; while these concerns were popular out-of-towners and the flush, the bulk of the local community had no usage for such excessive venues. Babylon Court, an upscale shopping centre located in Hollywood, is besides an illustration of disagreement between concern and the community. The shopping centre is a popular location for the upper category with its expensive retail shops and celebrated theatres, but it stand in stark contrast to the environing community of the homeless and comparatively hapless who can non afford the offering of Babylon Court ( Curtio, Davenport, and Jackiewicz, 2007 ) . Once once more, the intrigu es of the gentrification procedure have non helped the community, but hampered it ; outside investing and new concerns that were suppose to take a breath life into a fighting community have alternatively alienated and beleaguered the long-time occupants. When reclamation is enacted for the good of a community, the bing community is rarely the donee ; alternatively, the community is steadily changed and replaced so that revival is a consequence of a new public. Increased variegation and societal mixture does non happen, but replacing and segregation are frequently the consequence when covering with gentrification. In â€Å" Gentrification and Social Mixing † , Loretta Lees stated that in-between fledglings into urban communities self-segregated themselves even though they polled in favour of diverseness in a vicinity. This procedure of gentrification is on a regular basis aided by societal policies created by the province. One illustration of that happening is Cabrini Green in Chicago. In 1994, it qualified â€Å" the worst instance of public lodging in the US † , and was later given $ 50 million to redevelop ; the destruction and vouchering out that followed displaced a important part of low-income renters and recreated the community as a in-between category vicinity ( Lees, 2008 ) . The UK developed similar policies ; the London Borough of Brent New Deal for Communities undertaking funded the destruction of tower blocks and created over 1500 in private owned units, but at the loss of 800 publically owned units ( Atkinson, 2008 ) , displacing low-income occupants. The preexistent community is pushed out by the alterations in the local economic system, and an of all time so elusive societal cleaning takes topographic point, while policy shapers flaunt their love of societal public-service corporation and the public good and claim they are relieving the poorness of urban countries. A useful action should ensue the greatest felicity for the greatest sum of people. J.S. Mill demanded empiricist philosophy in infering what benefited the whole, but gentrification puts the felicity and experiences of clearly different groups at odds. Does gentrification function the felicity of the old occupants or the new occupants? Empirical scrutiny of informations Tells me the old occupants are simple garbage in gentrification and newer occupants are primary concern. Is the greater felicity a affair of population measure or is it a affair of population quality? Another empirical scrutiny reveals gentrification is process that favors people of higher income, a affair of quality instead than measure. My scrutiny reveals gentrification consequences in the greatest felicity for the few, instead than the many. So I pose the undermentioned inquiry: how does one justify gentrification as functioning the greater good? Social policies recommending gentrification claim they have improved and revitalized urban communities, when all they have done is displace the established low-income households to do it seem like they have reduced poorness in the country. This misrepresentation is something I take immense issue with ; even Milton Friedman, a adult male who was likely supportive of urban reclamation patterns, spewed sulfuric acid at utilizing the alibi of â€Å" societal good † to accomplish a personal docket. Gentrification in the name of societal public-service corporation is a failure, but Immanuel Kant said baronial purpose affairs more than effect. However, baronial purpose is something subjective ; what is baronial to one individual is non needfully baronial to another. The effects of gentrification are desperate and far-reaching and to pardon the procedure based on a subjective ideal is an indulgence excessively easy granted. In duty-based moralss, a individual must see his ideal as if it were a cosmopolitan axiom ; if it is contradictory, so it is a defective ideal. Suppose everyone went around fliping people poorer than themselves out of house and place, destructing and reconstructing belongingss for their ain usage ; this would ensue complete pandemonium, with people of all societal standings in ferocious struggle with one another. Through policy devising, advocates of gentrification have besides reduced the thought of community to a part of a map instead than people ; Kant would be taken aback by the deficiency of regard for the sovereignty of the person. Intent entirely can non salvage the policy of gentrification ; it is something flawed by subjective dockets, and Kant ‘s nonsubjective ideals can non be efficaciously applied to the worlds of the state of affairs. Gentrification carried out in the name of utilitarianism is a misrepresentation wrought upon troubled communities. It is excessively frequently that the promise of revival is made a cloak for a cleaning of a community ‘s societal order. The occupants suffer through a procedure of steadily increasing adversities and eventual replacing by the more privileged ; it ‘s â€Å" Invasion of the Body Snatchers † , except with the middle class alternatively of foreigners. With the increasing belongings values and as if by magic vanishing poorness, statistics are made reinforce the thought that gentrification works admirations for communities. I can non decently show my contempt for this sinister kind of planning ; it is a type of dastardly deed tantrum for scoundrels with long moustaches, twirling fingers, and big chapeaus. While I would immensely prefer investing and animation that allowed a community to go self-sufficing by its ain attempts, I would merely settle for the f ake of societal good to be dropped from the pitch. If you ‘re traveling to pass over out and reconstruct a community, name it for what it is ; they ‘re likely excessively hapless and incapacitated to halt you.Plants CitedAtkinson, Rowland. â€Å" Commentary: Gentrification, Segregation and the Vocabulary of Affluent Residential Choice. † Urban Studies V. 45 No. 12 ( November 2008 ) P. 2626-36, 45.12 ( 2008 ) : 2626-2636.Sullivan, Daniel Monroe. â€Å" Reassessing Gentrification. † Urban Affairs Review, 42.4 ( 2007 ) : 583-592.Leess, Loretta. â€Å" Gentrification and Social Mixing: Towards an Inclusive Urban Renaissance? . † Urban Studies V. 45 No. 12 ( November 2008 ) P. 2449-70, 45.12 ( 2008 ) : 2449-2470.Curti, Giorgio Hadi, John Davenport, and Edward Jackiewicz. â€Å" Concrete Babylon: Life Between the Stars. † Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 69 ( 2007 ) : 45-73.Park, Kyeyoung, and Jessica Kim. â€Å" The Contes ted Nexus of Los Angeles Koreatown: Capital Restructuring, Gentrification, and Displacement. † Amerasia Journal V. 34 No. 3 ( 2008 ) P. 126-50, 34.3 ( 2008 ) : 126-150.

O Henry essays

O Henry essays The Gift of the Magi, by O. Henry, is the most famous short story he has written. This story, like many of his other short stories, was written while he was at the Ohio Penitentiary. O. Henry wrote in a manner that most readers were able to identify with the situations in the story. "The Gift of the Magi" was no different, as it showed what one couple does for love in the face of financial destitution. O. Henrys life influenced his stories. William Sydney Porter, better known to readers as O. Henry, was born on September 11, 1862, in Greensboro, North Carolina (W.S. Porter 1 of 1). He was the son of Algernon and Mary Virginia Swaim Porter. His father was a physician and his mother spent her time writing poems. Unfortunately, his mother died of tuberculosis when he was only three-years-old (American Literature 1846). Upon his mothers death, he was left to be raised by his grandmother and his Aunt Lina (American Literature 1846). His aunt and his grandmother frequently read to him when he was a child. Henry didnt have many friends as a child. He spent most of his time at home (Linder 1 of 1). O. Henry loved to read and developed a lifelong love for literature (Kirjasto 1 of 1). Henry was not like many other famous writers. He left school at the age fifteen (Kirjasto 1 of 1). He didnt attend college nor did he receive any other formal education. The only education he got was from his Aunt Lina (W.S. Porter 1 of 1). O. Henry didnt established many long lasting relationships in his lifetime. Henry got married in July of 1887 to Athol Estes. He and Athol had one daughter together, Margaret (American Literature 1846). Athol became ill in 1897 and died a few months later (W.S. Porter 1 of 1). He later remarried to his childhood friend, Sarah Lindsay Coleman. His marriage with Sarah was not a happy one though; they separated in...

Great Depression and

Great Depression and Great Depression and -the Automobile Industry Essay New Deal Economy in the 1920s -The decade of the 1920s saw a tremendous rise in the stock market and the economy was prospering. -Henry Ford was a manufacturing genius and knew how to make cars that people could afford. -The automobile industry became one of the most important industries in the nation. -It stimulated growth in many related industries, such as steel, rubber, glass, tool companies, and gasoline. -The 1920s was a period in which many men and women could afford not only the means of subsistence, but a considerable amount of what they wanted. -Middle class families purchased new appliances such as electric refrigerators, washing machines, electric irons, and vacuum cleaners. -Women purchased cosmetics and mass produced fashions. -Agriculture in the 1920s, like industry, was embracing new technologies. The number of tractors on American farms quadrupled during the decade. -These new technologies greatly increased agricultural production, but the demand for the goods was not rising as fast as the production. -This resulted in substantial surpluses, a decline in food prices, and a severe drop in farmers’ income. -More than 3 million people left agriculture altogether during this decade. Of those who remained, many lost ownership of their land and had to rent instead from banks or other landlords. -Because of this, many farmers began to demand relief in the form of government price supports. Stock Market Crash -The Federal Reserve expanded the money supply during the 1920s by about 80 percent. -Prices went up some, but not by 80 percent. Most of the extra money was getting sucked into the stock market causing stocks to go up and stocks were going up more than ever before, more than anyone had ever seen. -The average person in the 1920s didn’t invest in the stock market like they do today, but those who did invest made a lot of money. -Many people bought stock on margin. This is taking a loan to buy more stock than you can really afford, with the stock being the collateral for the margin loan. -Some people were getting rich from buying on margin. -In February 1928 stock prices began a steady rise that continued, with few temporary lapses, for a year and a half. -Trading grew from 2 or 3 million shares a day to over 5 million, and at times 10 or 12 million. -In 1929 things took a turn for the worst as the stock market went south. -Why did that happen? It’s hard to explain why stock markets do what they do (like a herd of animals in the wild, the slightest thing can spook them). The Federal Reserve saw that it had created a monster, the economy was kind of like a runaway train (they had blown a giant bubble with the inflation and are trying to suck the air out of it without it popping in their face, it doesn’t work). -In October 1929 the stock market loses a huge percentage in one day. -On October 21 and 23 there were alarming declines in stock prices, but both cases were followed by temporary recoveries. -On October 29, known as â€Å"Black Tuesday,† all efforts to save the market failed and in the months that followed it continued to decline. -It would remain deeply depressed for more than four years and would not fully recover until the 1940s. -Some people even jumped out of windows in response to the crash, having lost everything. -Stock began to drop to less than the marginal loans people took out on them. They now had no collateral and had to come up with liquid money (cash) to pay the difference. People began to sell everything to come up with the money, they pulled money out of the banks, and some banks went under and then people lost their money in those banks. -The disaster at the upper end of the economy trickled down to the rest of the economy. -Businesses began going under, factories were closing, creating lot of unemployment, and people began lining up to get unemployment relief. -What happened to the rich had repercussions throughout the economy and many suffered as

Green Ash Tree Facts, Identification, and Management

Green Ash Tree Facts, Identification, and Management Green ash will reach a height of about 60 feet with a spread of 45 feet. Upright main branches bear twigs which droop toward the ground then bend upward at their tips much like Basswood. The glossy dark green foliage will turn yellow in the fall, but the color is often muted in the south. There is a good seed-set annually on female trees which are used by many birds but some consider the seeds to be messy. This fast-growing tree will adapt to many different landscape conditions and can be grown on wet or dry sites, preferring moist. Some cities have over-planted green ash. Specifics of the Green Ash Scientific name: Fraxinus pennsylvanicaPronunciation: FRACK-sih-nus pen-sill-VAN-ih-kuhCommon name(s): Green AshFamily: OleaceaeUSDA hardiness zones: 3 through 9AOrigin: Native to North AmericaUses: Large parking lot islands; wide tree lawns; recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; reclamation plant; shade tree;Availability: Generally available in many areas within its hardiness range. Native Range Green ash extends from Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta; south through central Montana, northeastern Wyoming, to southeastern Texas; and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. Description Leaf: Opposite, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 serrate leaflets that are lanceolate to elliptical in shape, entire leaf is 6 to 9 inches long, green above and glabrous to silky-pubescent below. Crown uniformity: Symmetrical canopy with a regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more or less identical crown forms. Trunk/bark/branches:  Grow mostly upright and will not droop; not particularly showy; should be grown with a single leader; no thorns. Breakage:  Susceptible to breakage either at the crotch due to poor collar formation, or the wood itself is weak and tends to break. Flower and Fruit Flower: Dioecious; light green to purplish, both sexes lacking petals, females occurring in loose panicles, males in tighter clusters, appear after the leaves unfold. Fruit: A single-winged, dry, flattened samara with a slender, thin seed cavity, maturing in autumn and dispersing over winter. Special Uses Green ash wood, because of its strength, hardness, high shock resistance, and excellent bending qualities is used in specialty items such as tool handles and baseball bats but is not as desirable as white ash. It is also a favorite tree used in city and yard landscapes. Several Green Ash Hybrids ‘Marshall Seedless’- some seeds, yellow fall color, fewer insect problems,; ‘Patmore’ - excellent street tree, straight trunk, good yellow fall color, seedless; ‘Summit’ - female, yellow fall color, straight trunk but pruning required to develop strong structure, abundant seeds, and flower galls can be a nuisance; ‘Cimmaron’ is a new plant (USDA hardiness zone 3) reported to have a strong trunk, good lateral branching habit, and tolerance to salt. Damaging Pests Borers: Common on Ash and they can kill trees. The most common borers infesting Ash are Ash borer, lilac borer, and carpenterworm. Ash borer bores into the trunk at or near the soil line causing tree dieback. Anthracnose: also called leaf scorch and leaf spot. Infected parts of the leaves turn brown, especially along the margins. Infected leaves fall prematurely. Rake up and destroy infected leaves. Chemical controls are not practical or economical on large trees. Trees in the south can be severely affected. The Most Widely Distributed   Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), also called red ash, swamp ash, and water ash  is the most widely distributed of all the American ashes. Naturally a moist bottomland or stream bank tree, it is hardy to climatic extremes and has been widely planted in the Plains States and Canada. The commercial supply is mostly in the South. Green ash is similar in property to white ash and they are marketed together as white ash. The large seed crops provide food to many kinds of wildlife. Due to its good form and resistance to insects and disease, it is a very popular ornamental tree.

Organisational design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Organisational design - Essay Example Noncompetitive businesses and institutions such as government controlled administrations mostly thrive on centralised structures. The managers need to consider if they want to achieve the same results where they follow a rigid work routine then they can comfortably rely on a centralised control system. However, if they seek to get the competitive edge, especially if they are in the technology business, then they need to give more autonomy to respective departments and teams. â€Å"†¦a routine technology and a stable environment all tend to be associated with organizations that have greater formalization, specialization and centralisation† (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010, p. 26) If the managers are in a business that feeds on creative ideas then they need to make their departments autonomous. The tech industry is a prominent example of highly decentralised model because the more innovative and creative their ideas the better their competitive edge. Comparing a government operated tax department with a highly mobilized and competitive firm such as Apple or Samsung would reveal a centralised versus a decentralised business structure. The government department needs to be centralised while tech companies perform better when they are decentralised. Taking the same example a step further where marketing and TV commercials are made for any business. The process needs to be highly decentralised for the initiation of innovative ideas and creative pitch for customers. One thing that bears prime importance in this whole debate is that there are no black and white areas when the managers make a decision. Many organizations usually step on gray areas where there exists a mix of centralised and decentralised chain of command. In fact, decentralised structure poses a paradox for the managers. Giving too much autonomy to a department can be detrimental for the ultimate organizational goals. The head of the business cannot lose control